J. Reindl, G. Datzmann, G. Dollinger, J. Neubauer, A. Rousseti
Universität der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Neubiberg, Germany
J. Bundesmann, A. Denker, A. Dittwald, G. Kourkafas
HZB, Berlin, Germany
G. Datzmann
Datzmann Interact & Innovate GmbH, München, Germany
A. Denker
BHT, Berlin, Germany
Spatial fractionated radiotherapy using protons, so-called proton minibeam radiotherapy (pMBT) was developed for better sparing of normal tissue in the entrance channel of radiation. Progressing towards clinical use, pMBT should overcome current technical and biomedical limitations. This work discusses a preclinical pMBT facility, currently built at the 68.5MeV cyclotron at the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin. The goal is to irradiate small animals using focused pMBT with a σ of 50µm, a high peak-to-valley dose ratio at center-to-center distance as small as 1mm and beam current of 1nA. A first degrader defines the maximum energy of the beam. Dipole magnets and quadrupole triplets transport the beam to the treatment room while multiple slits properly form the transverse beam profiles. A high magnetic field gradient triplet lens forms the minibeams in front of the target station and, scanning magnets are used for a raster scan at the target. An additional degrader, positioned close before the focusing spot and the target, further reduces the energy, forming a spread-out Bragg peak. A small animal radiation research platform will be used for imaging and positioning of the target.
T. Lefèvre, D. Alves, A. Boccardi, S. Jackson, F. Roncarolo, J.W. Storey, R. Veness, C. Zamantzas
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
The CERN accelerator complex stands out as an unique scientific tool, distinguished by its scale and remarkable diversity. Its capacity to explore a vast range of beam parameters is truly unparalleled, spanning from the minute energies of around a few keV and microampere antiproton beams, decelerated within the CERN antimatter factory, to the 6.8 TeV high-intensity proton beams that race through the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) ring plays also a crucial role by slowly extracting protons at 400 GeV. These proton currents are then directed toward various targets, generating all sorts of secondary particle beams. These beams, in turn, become the foundation of a diverse fixed-target research program, enabling scientific exploration across a wide spectrum. Moreover, as CERN looks ahead to future studies involving electron-positron colliders, the development of cutting-edge diagnostics for low emittance, short electron pulses is also underway. This contribution serves as a snapshot, shedding light on the main R&D initiatives currently underway at CERN in the field of beam instrumentation.
G. Türemen, S. Bulut, U. Kaya, D. Porsuk, N.O. Serin, E. Yeltepe
TENMAK-NUKEN, Ankara, Turkey
Funding:Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Minerals Research Agency A 30 MeV cyclotron is operated at TENMAK-NUKEN for producing medical radioisotopes with three beamlines and a fourth beamline is dedicated for research purposes. The minimum energy of extracted proton beam from cyclotron is 15 MeV. There is no facility in Türkiye for applying ion beam analysis techniques (IBA) currently. These techniques generally require 1-5 MeV proton beam energy. An energy degrader system was designed and installed on the R&D beamline for this purpose. The degrader system is capable of decreasing the energy down to 1 MeV with pA to uA current levels. A high vacuum irradiation chamber is designed and installed at the end of the beamline. The chamber has ports to install several types of detectors for different IBA techniques. This work includes the description of the setup and preliminary PIXE measurements.
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R.Y. Qiu, W.L. Huang, F. Li, M.A. Rehman, Z.X. Tan, Zh.H. Xu, R.J. Yang, T. Yang
IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
M.Y. Liu, L. Zeng
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Q.R. Liu
UCAS, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Funding:National Natural Science Foundation, U2032165 The Associated Proton beam Experiment Platform (APEP) beamline is the first proton irradiation facility to use naturally-stripped protons which come from H− beams interacting with the residual gas in the linac beampipe at CSNS. The stripped beam current, which is in the order of 0.1% of the original H− beam and approximately 10 mi-croamperes, should be measured precisely to provide the proton number for irradiation experiments. Therefore, a low-intensity beam current measurement system was developed with considerations to eliminate the external interferences. An anti-interference design is adopted in this system with an elaboration of probes, cables and electronic low-noise technology to minimize the impact of environmental noise and interferences. This improves the signal-to-noise ratio and enables a more precise measurement of the microampere-level pulsed beam cur-rent. The system was installed and tested during the summer maintenance in 2021 and 2022. It shows a good agreement with the measurement of the Faraday cup.
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W.L. Huang, X.J. Nie
IHEP CSNS, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
M.Y. Liu, X.Y. Liu, Y.F. Sui
IHEP, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Q.R. Liu
UCAS, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Funding:Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, 2021A1515010269 National Natural Science Foundation, 11475204 During the upgrade of linac in CSNS-II, the beam in-jection energy will increase from 80.1MeV to 300MeV and the beam power from 100kW to 500kW. A com-bined layout of superconducting spoke cavities and ellip-tical cavities is adopted to accelerate H− beam to 300MeV. Due to a ~10ps short bunch width at the exit of the spoke SC section, the longitudinal beam density dis-tribution will be measured by bunch shape monitors using low energy secondary emission electrons. As the most important part of a bunch shape monitor, a prototype 324MHz RF deflector is designed and tuned on the basis of a quasi-symmetric λ/2 325MHz coaxial resona-tor, which was fabricated for the C-ADS proton accelera-tor project. Preliminary parameters of the bunch shape monitor are presented. Simulation of the RF deflector and test results in the laboratory are described and analysed.
E. Senes, S. Mazzoni, M. Turner, G. Zevi Della Porta
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
D.A. Cooke, F.E. Pannell, M. Wing
UCL, London, United Kingdom
The first run of the AWAKE experiment successfully demonstrated the acceleration of an electron beam in the plasma wakefields of a relativistic proton beam. The planned second run will focus on the control of the emittance of accelerated electrons, requiring an upgrade of the existing spectrometer. Preliminary measurements showed that this might be achieved by improving the resolution of the scintillator and with a new design of the optical system. This contribution discusses the application of a digital camera array in close proximity of the spectrometer scintillator, to enable the accelerated electron beam emittance measurement.
T. Ramakrishnan, J.I. Duran, H.A. Watkins
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
Funding:Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, contract no. 89233218CNA000001. LA-UR-23-25123 The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) Proton Storage Ring (PSR) needs precise timing to ensure successful extraction of the bunched protons. The current control system¿s hardware is obsolete and unmaintainable. The task was to replace the 1980¿s era CAMAC control and timing system for the PSR extraction kickers. This included a system which halts charging of the kickers after a duration without firing to prevent equipment damage. A hybrid approach was taken to integrate a Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation (BNC) pulse generator that was controlled by a soft input/output controller (IOC) and National Instrument compact Reconfigurable Input/Output (cRIO) IOC. This allowed for flexibility and modularity of the software and hardware development. This approach built the framework to streamline robust deployment of hybrid systems and develop a solution for upgrades of other LANSCE kickers.
J. Marroncle, P. Abbon, F. Belloni, F. Bénédetti, T. Hamelin, J.-Ph. Mols, L. Scola
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
B. Bolzon, N. Chauvin, D. Chirpaz-Cerbat, M. Combet, M.J. Desmons, Y. Gauthier, C. Lahonde-Hamdoun, Ph. Legou, O. Leseigneur, Y. Mariette, V. Nadot, M. Oublaid, G. Perreu, F. Popieul, B. Pottin, Y. Sauce, J. Schwindling, F. Senée, O. Tuske, S. Tzvetkov
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
I. Dolenc Kittelmann, A.A. Gevorgyan, H. Kocevar, R. Tarkeshian, C.A. Thomas
ESS, Lund, Sweden
Several Non-invasive Profile Monitors are being in-stalled along the accelerator to support the commissioning, tuning and operation of the powerful proton based ESS linear accelerator. In the low energy parts of the ESS linac (3.6 MeV to 90 MeV), the residual gas pressure is high enough to measure the transverse beam profile by using fluorescence induced by the beam on the gas molecules. However, in the ESS linac sections above 90 MeV, protons are accelerated by superconductive cavities working at cryogenic temperatures and high vacuum. Therefore, the signal based on the fluorescence process is too weak, while ionization can counteract this drawback. We have provided five IPM (Ionization Profile Monitors) pairs for energies ranging from 100 to 600 MeV. The design of such monitors is challenging due to weak signal (as a result of high proton energy and low pressure <10-9 mbar), tight space constraints inside the vacuum chamber, space charge effect, ISO-5 cleanliness requirement, and electrode polarization at ±15 kV. This publication will detail the development we followed to fulfil the ESS requirements.
G.I. Jung
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Y.S. Hwang, Y.J. Yoon
KOMAC, KAERI, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
Funding:This work has benn supported through KOMAC (Korea of Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex) operation fund of KAERI by MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT The KOMAC (Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex) has operated 100-MeV proton linear accelerator and provide high flux proton beam at the TR103, a general purpose irradiation facility. To uniformly irradiate the sample with protons, it is important to confirm the beam profile uniformity through the quality assurance (QA) process. Recently, for real-time and in-situ proton beam profile monitoring at the TR103, P43 phosphor screen and TE-cooled CMOS camera were introduced and tested. The camera captured images of the emitted light as protons with energy of 15, 42, 100 MeV were incident. A software for selecting beam profile image and post-processing of image data such as background subtraction, image smoothing, geometrical correction, selecting Region Of Interest (ROI) and X-Y coordination was developed using Python. Measured beam profiles using phosphor screen and cooled camera were compared to Gafchromic film. The linearity between light output and beam flux were measured. In this study, we will discuss the test results of proton beam profile measurement using phosphor screen and TE-cooled CMOS camera for introduction to quality assurance process at the TR103.
The present oscillating arm wire monitors at HIPA operate with wire speeds of 0.75 m/s. Based on basic dynamic simulations of mechanics and motor, we discuss possible variants of this design using stepper motors in open loop control. The results suggest that 4 m/s can be reached with sufficient position resolution, when using a predefined step sequence customized to the mechanics. This speed should be sufficient to measure the full proton beam current in the injection line.
E. Yamakawa, S. Machida, A. Pertica, D.W. Posthuma de Boer
STFC/RAL/ISIS, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
Y. Ishi
Kyoto University, Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
A.P. Letchford
STFC/RAL, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
T. Uesugi
Kyoto University, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Osaka, Japan
To confirm the use of Fixed Field Alternating gradient accelerator (FFA) as a high power pulsed neutron spallation source, a prototype called FETS-FFA is studied at Rutherford Laboratory (RAL). A single Wire Scanner Monitor (WSM) is planned to be used to measure a beam position and a beam profile in the ring. One of the concerns of this monitor is the thermal damage on the Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) wire due to high energy deposition of low energy proton beam in FETS-FFA (3 - 12 MeV). Furthermore, to measure a beam profile during beam acceleration in the ring, a diameter of CNT wire needs to be smaller than the orbit displacements in turns. To confirm whether a single WSM is suitable for FETS-FFA ring, two different beam tests were performed at RAL and at the Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University (KURNS). Both measurements demonstrated that the single WSM is applicable for FETS-FFA ring if the diameter of CNT is smaller than the orbit separation in turns. In this paper, the detail of the design study of the single WSM as well as the performance tests are presented.
Funding:This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. The Booster Neutrino Beamline experiment requested a new secondary electron emission multiwire profile monitor installation. The device had to be durable in high radiation conditions and mounted within a large 10 foot airtight steel fixture for installation near the beam target. Previous iterations of multiwire suffered radiation damage to both the connectors and wires. To ensure accurate horizontal and vertical beam profile measurements, an updated design was proposed, designed, and constructed. The new BNB multiwire utilizes 3 mil diameter gold-plated tungsten sense wires soldered to vertical and horizontal Alumina-96 ceramic planes, 50 wires per plane. Radiation hard Kapton insulated 30 gauge wires carry the output signals. Profiles are readout through charge integrator scanner electronics. This paper will detail the design and functionality of the BNB target multiwire and present relevant beam profile data.
Funding:This work was produced by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The current program at Fermilab involves the construction of a new superconducting linear accelerator (LINAC) to replace the existing warm version. The new LINAC, together with other planned improvements, is in support of proton beam intensities in the Main Injector (MI) that will exceed 2 MW. Measuring the transverse profiles of these high intensity beams in a ring requires non-invasive techniques. The MI uses ionization profile monitors as its only profile system. An alternative technique involves measuring the deflection of a probe beam of electrons with a trajectory perpendicular to the proton beam. This type of device was installed in MI and initial studies of it have been previously presented. This paper will present the status and recent studies of the device utilizing different techniques.
V.E. Scarpine, B.J. Fellenz, A. Semenov, D. Slimmer
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
Funding:This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. The Mu2E experiment will measure the ratio of the rate of the neutrinoless, coherent conversion of muons into electrons as a measure of Charged Lepton Flavor Violation. As part of the Mu2E experiment, a proton storage ring, called the Delivery Ring, will utilize resonant extraction to slow-spill protons to the experiment. To regulate and optimize the Delivery Ring resonant extraction process, a fast tune measurement scheme will be required. This Mu2E tune meter will measure the average tune and the tune spectrum, in multiple time slices, through the entire resonant extraction cycle of nominally 43 msec. The Mu2E tune meter utilizes vertical and horizontal 21.4 MHz Schottky detector resonant pickups, taken from the decommissioned Tevatron, as well as its receiver electronics. This paper will present the design of this Schottky tune meter as well as tune measurements from the Mu2E Delivery Ring.
C. Lannoy, D. Alves, K. Łasocha, N. Mounet
CERN, Meyrin, Switzerland
C. Lannoy, T. Pieloni
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
Schottky spectra can be strongly affected by collective effects, in particular those arising from beam-coupling impedance when a large number of bunch charges are involved. In such conditions, the direct interpretation of the measured spectra becomes difficult, which prevents the extraction of beam and machine parameters in the same way as is usually done for lower bunch charges. Since no theory is yet directly applicable to predict the impact of impedance on such spectra, we use here time-domain, macro-particle simulations and apply a semi-analytical method to compute the Schottky spectrum for various machine and beam conditions, such as the ones found at the Large Hadron Collider. A simple longitudinal resonator-like impedance model is introduced in the simulations and its effect studied in different configurations, allowing preliminary interpretations of the impact of longitudinal impedance on Schottky spectra.
